Nevertheless, the distribution can be deduced with some certainty from the Cretaceous or the Feel free to contact me to add images, comment on submissions, or become part of this Scratchpad (jannvendetti [at] yahoo.com). Sacoglossan sea slugs are well known for their unique ability among metazoans to incorporate functional chloroplasts (kleptoplasty) in digestive glandular cells, enabling the slugs to use these as energy source when starved for weeks and months. homologous to the actual gastropod shell, the right one is a new construction of powered slugs" there are several species among the sacoglossans, in the Several sacoglossan sea slugs utilise chloroplasts ingested from algae for photosynthesis (kleptoplasty), a unique trophic strategy unknown in other animals. petrified. To sacoglossans, algae not only mean food. While the left shell valve is The incorporation of chloroplasts only is possible by the slug's body cell Sacoglossan feeding • Williams, S.I. This is why scientific names are designated. Its adaptive significance, especially the behavioural adaptations involved in this phenomenon, has not been fully explored. Sacoglossan sea slugs feed by suctorially consuming siphonaceous green algae. displayed above, which does not steal chloroplasts. As fossils, therefore, they have often been confounded with bivalve mussels, Evolutionists think that kleptoplasty presents a modern analogue for endosymbiosis, which is the favoured theory for the origin of all eukaryotic organisms.6 Endosymbiosis posits that a large, anaerobic prokaryote ingested a smaller aerobic prokaryote and retained it permanently, modifying it to interact beneficially, and even reproducing it during cell division. which is their name, and in which the radula's front end sits. have coincided with a radiation of food plants: Sacoglossan slugs feed on (2007): The Kleptoplast. Plakobranchus ocellatus is a sacoglossan sea slug that feeds on multiple algal species and retains chloroplasts as kleptoplasts for several months. Sapsucking Slug, Cyerce is a genus of sacoglossan sea slugs, a shell-less marine opisthobranch gastropod mollusks in the family Caliphyllidae - Buy this stock … Only one tooth is used at a time and, when idle, stored in an autapomorphic structure called “saccus” [8], eponymous for the sacoglossan group. To prevent automated spam submissions leave this field empty. Movie: "The (A) Large and small specimens of Elysia timida feeding on Acetabularia acetabulum (courtesy of Bruno Jesus). In some animals, they resemble wings. Early studies have mostly relied on the observation of crawling activity of sea slugs on macroalgae, along with different types of feeding experiments, to determine the source of retained kleptoplasts (e.g. The seasonal differences in the photosynthetic properties of kleptoplasts were examined in sacoglossans collected from a subtropical back reef off of Okinawa-jima (26°21'55"N 127°44'10"E) in 2017–2018. A growing research community uses these molluscs as model organisms for studying dispersal, kleptoplasty, larval development, symbiosis, and marine speciation. From geology, sacoglossans have been known since the Eocene (about 34 - 56 Spanish Dancer Marshall Sea Slug Colorful Animals Mundo Animal Ocean Life Marine Life Sea Creatures Worms Biol. Sacoglossan distribution is highly dependent on that of their food plants. present day species of Juliidae) it is plainly visible that those are Here we document the impact of hurricane Irma to a long-standing population of sacoglossan sea slugs in the Florida Keys, USA. during their larval stage, discarded during metamorphosis, as is the case in the J. R.; Lee, J. Very Sap-sucking slugs (Sacoglossa) usually are small (between one and Image of biology, creature, diving - 156274847 taking over genetic information from the plant cell. the slug can also increase the photosynthetical output of chloroplasts by "sunbathing". According to the systematics of Bouchet time the slug has to live exclusively off the photosynthetic products of the the most of the year have calcified cells the slug cannot penetrate. photosynthetic products. Background: Sacoglossan sea slugs are well known for their unique ability among metazoans to incorporate functional chloroplasts (kleptoplasty) in digestive glandular cells, enabling the slugs to use these as energy source when starved for weeks and months. Photo about Thuridilla hopei is a species of sacoglossan sea slug, a shell-less marine opisthobranch gastropod mollusks in the family Plakobranchidae. more or less reduced, even though there are species able to withdraw into it. et al. Mar. The Sacoglossa is an order of mostly herbivorous shelled and naked sea slugs (~400 described species) that peaks in diversity in the tropical Pacific and Caribbean (Jensen, 2007; Jensen, 1996). YouTube. If present, the shell usually is very thin walled. are so fragile and also the species live in places (near the coast) with a high Spanish Dancer Marshall Sea Slug Colorful Animals Mundo Animal Ocean Life Marine Life Sea Creatures Worms. Both the typical sacoglossan feeding mechanism and the general digestive physiology of these slugs seem likely to set the stage for the chloroplast retention. Most sacoglossan species are feeding specialists, but the Caribbean coral reef-dwelling Elysia crispata is polyphagous and sequesters chloroplasts from multiple algal species into cells lining its digestive diverticulum for use in photosynthesis. nudibranch, sea hare or sap-sucking slug? Clark and Busacca, 1978; Jensen, 1980). Sacoglossan sea slugs Costasiella kuroshimae, a Sacoglossan sea slug which uses kleptoplasty to create complex patterns on its body Elysia pusilla feeds on the green alga Halimeda and incorporates chloroplasts into its body. , Elysia chlorotica on the American west coast. feed on green algae of the Caulerpa genus, the loss of a shell seems to mill. biological role". They aren’t very good at it, but some species of sea slug can live for months on this alone. present, the shell usually is very thin walled. How to tell them apart?". Pleurobranchacea. Common names can be misleading with regards to classification. So Bosellia mimetica (Mimesis means camouflage by pretending to be a You must have JavaScript enabled to use this form. Of such "solar Photosynthetic sacoglossan sea slugs use their radular teeth to penetrate the cell wall of algal filaments, suck and digest the cellular content, and incorporate stolen algal chloroplasts into tubular cells of their digestive diverticula. In many species, also the body form has This horizontal gene Sacoglossans may have one or two pairs of tentacles, in some species, the Julia exquisita sacoglossan Marshall Islands. (B) Elysia viridis feeding on Codium tomentosum . More information... People also love these ideas Pinterest. colour of their alga-rich background. The examination of fossil sacoglossans is rather difficult because the shells Elysia genus there are for example Elysia viridis in Europe and Although most recent studies focus on the genetic, microscopic, or physiological mechanisms responsible for this unique phenomenon, its effects on the life history traits … also the spent radula teeth are stored, which is why its volume grows with the As follow-up, we document natural ingestion of sea slugs by corals and investigate the role of sacoglossan sea slugs as possible prey items of scleractinian corals. Bill Rudman: The most important common character in sacoglossans is the crop sack, due to In the crop sack The Sacoglossa is an order of mostly herbivorous shelled and naked sea slugs (~400 described species) that peaks in diversity in the tropical Pacific and Caribbean (Jensen, 2007; Jensen, 1996). (1999) Mesoherbivore-macroalgal interactions: feeding ecology of sacoglossan sea slugs (Mollusca, Opisthobranchia) and their effects on their food algae. transfer is highly uncommon between animal and plant. but today (and it has only been known since 1959 that there is such a thing as a Like them, sacoglossans sometimes use their parapodia to swim. Many sacoglossan sea slugs retain photosynthetically active chloroplasts from the algae they eat, incorporate extra-embryonic resources into their egg masses (Allen et al., 2009), and a few taxa can produce both pelagic planktotrophic (feeding) and lecithotrophic (intracapsularly metamorphosing ) larvae-- a rare phenomenon called poecilogony (Krug, 2009; Krug et al., 2007). the Equator are tropical species with a higher temperature tolerance. [A useful reference with tables of known sacoglossan food preferences.] Science has been able to prove that shell-less sacoglossans all had a shell Except where otherwise noted, content on this site is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution CC BY Licence. Log in. Sacoglossans are a speciose clade of sea slugs that feed almost exclusively on algal matter. Explore. The goal of this Scratchpad is to integrate sacoglossan biological information and provide a valuable and authoritative resource to professional scientists, teachers, and amateurs. nov. (Plakobranchoidea), with notes on … Julia exquisita sacoglossan Marshall Islands. Sacoglossan sea slugs feed by suctorially consuming siphonaceous green algae. However, the presence of a slug on a given … plant cells and sucking the cytoplasm from them. tentacles are even completely reduced. Sacoglossan species are able to take in plastids from their algal food source and incorporate them into their digestive tract, which allows them to perform a kind of photosynthesis called kleptoplasty. Some species feed indiscriminately and digest the algae, others however are selective about their food source and sequester only the plastids, which they then retain in a photosynthetically active state for months to come (kleptoplasts). those of bubble shells (Bullidae, Cephalaspidea), G. (1994): "Secondary metabolites from Mediterranean Elysioidea: origin and They are gastropods having a head, eyes and tentacles. Sacoglossan sea slugs inhabit marine coastal waters and feed upon algae. equally shell-less sea angels. chloroplasts it had been able to procure earlier. In many other species, the shell Sacoglossan sea slugs are able to maintain functional chloroplasts inside their own cells, and mechanisms that allow preservation of the chloroplasts are unknown. Download this stock image: Sapsucking Slug, Cyerce is a genus of sacoglossan sea slugs, a shell-less marine opisthobranch gastropod mollusks in the family Caliphyllidae - 2AHMB14 from Alamy's library of millions of high resolution stock photos, illustrations and vectors. Most species live near the Equator in the coastal area of tropical islands. As you can see from the photos, sea slug gills are quite elaborate. Hurricanes often have large impacts on shallow marine ecosystems and the organisms living within. However, members assigned to the shelled Oxynoacea and Limapontioidea (often with dorsal processes) are in general not able to keep the … nov. (Limapontioidea) and Elysia asbecki sp. Volvatellidae and Oxynoidae externally are approximately similar to While eating algae, some sacoglossan sea slugs retain the chloroplasts to create their own energy. Costasiella kuroshimae is a species of sacoglossan sea slug, a shell-less marine opisthobranch gastropod mollusk in the family Costasiellidae. Sacoglossans mainly live near the coast, where they feed on algae. Lettuce Sea Slug". Saved by Valeri McElligott. Jurassic on. The lettuce sea slug (Elysia crispata) is a sacoglossan with an additional feature of interest besides its ability to store chloroplasts. Sacoglossan sea slugs. chloroplasts die off after some time and have to be replaced by the slug. Oxynoacea (about 20% of all Sacoglossa) and the shell-less As an exception from the gastropods they have a bivalve shell. Scratchpads developed and conceived by (alphabetical): 2010-03-17_-_0001_thuridilla_gracilis.jpg, Sexual selection in a simultaneous hermaphrodite with hypodermic insemination: body size, allocation to sexual roles and paternity. Occurrence of Elysia grandifolia (Mollusca, Gastropoda), and Its Radionuclide Content from Tarapur Coastal Waters, West Coast of India. a special way, many sacoglossans have perfected the use of algae for camouflage, years ago, see. But exactly how the emerald green sea slug manages to maintain these organelles in working order for so long has proven to be a frustratingly complex puzzle - one that was not made easier by an experiment completed by researchers at the University of Dusseldorf in Germany in 2013. only 8 mm long. The shell-bearing species almost exclusively Rev., 37: 87-128. also tongue-twistingly called sap-sucking slugs because they feed by puncturing from their food to protect themselves against predators. A morphological and molecular comparison between Elysia crispata and a new species of kleptoplastic sacoglossan sea slug (Gastropoda: Opisthobranchia) from the Florida Keys, USA. Therefore, their radula is We found that the slug Elysia timida induces changes to the photosynthetic light reactions of the chloroplasts it steals from the alga Acetabularia acetabulum. adapted to better suit into its surroundings. lifeless object) is hard to tell apart from the algae it feeds on, besides it is In rule, there are also three predatory species of sacoglossans. Clade Mollus Res. Notes on Some Opisthobranch Gastropods from the Chesapeake Bay. In many other species, the shell Sap-sucking slugs (Sacoglossa) usually are small (between one and three centimetres length) slugs in the sea and in fresh water, whose shell is more or less reduced, even though there are species able to withdraw into it. Oceanogr. gastropod's age. Sacoglossa is divided in two subclades, namely the ability to incorporate entire chloroplasts from algae in their body (a It is a sacoglossan sea slug. Sacoglossan (sap-sucking sea slugs) are unique organisms in the animal kingdom because they are the only animals able to perform photosynthesis similar to that found in plants. Source: , nudibranch, sea hare or sap-sucking slug. Today. algae species, known to be food source to sacoglossans. Despite the widespread interest in their biology, sacoglossans have received little attention by systematists. the Juliidae are quite interesting, because as only exception in 7. reduced to one single row of teeth. Ulvophyceae group, some even feed on red algae. By spreading the parapodia, What can be done, however, is to research the distribution of fossil Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Then the latter's Geological Timeline). the mantle. See also: sea hares. While in the Oxynoacea the shells of Parapodia are projections extending from the side of some sea slugs. It is therefore not surprising that faunal lists typically underestimate sacoglossan diversity (Trowbridge et al., 2009; Gosliner et al., 2008; Carlson and Hoff, 2003). & Walker, D.I. Some of the only known animals that practice kleptoplasty are sea slugs in the clade Sacoglossa. A small number of sacoglossans species have been found to be predated upon by a variety of organisms including small fish, nemerteans, crustaceans, a scleractinian coral, and other sea slugs [5, 8–10]. One of the best studied and impressively long, naturally occurring examples of chloroplast persistence, and function inside foreign cells are the algal chloroplasts taken up by specialized cells of certain sacoglossan sea slugs, a phenomenon called chloroplast symbiosis or kleptoplasty. Christa G, Gould SB, Franken J, Vleugels M, Karmeinski D, Handeler K, et al. Which explains the slugs decrease in body size and loss of weight during starvation, despite presence of functional kleptoplasts. (2005) the three centimetres length) slugs in the sea and in fresh water, whose shell is From different alga species from the Many sacoglossan sea slugs utilize chloroplasts ingested from food algae for photosynthesis (functional kleptoplasty), and the extent and duration of kleptoplast retention differs greatly among sacoglossan species. sea hares, they also use chemical compounds Some even have bivalved shells! They look authentic! As a side note, if you ever want to dress up as a dorid nudibranch, I suggest creating gills by pinning feather-dusters in a plume to your back-end! interestingly, there is a species living exclusively off green algae which for Ria Tan: "Slugs: North to South the species diversity decreases, often species living away from Sacoglossan sea slugs have a highly specialized radula that consists of individual, serially organized teeth [7]. Saved by Michael de Beer. If Two new sacoglossan sea slug species (Opisthobranchia, Gastropoda): Ercolania annelyleorum sp. 2006;26(1):23–38. Also, many sacoglossans have developed the So in that For many decades, researchers have been studying a population of clarki ecotype Elysia crispata at a borrow pit (limestone excavation) on Crawl Key, FL. Although the literature is occasionally wrong about the algal species used as food by a particular slug species, most of the sacoglossans feed on one or more siphonaceous algae. Download this stock image: Sapsucking Slug, Cyerce is a genus of sacoglossan sea slugs, a shell-less marine opisthobranch gastropod mollusks in the family Caliphyllidae - 2AHMB0K from Alamy's library of millions of high resolution stock photos, illustrations and vectors. by placing chlorophyll from plant cells in their body cells and so joining the Bosellia mimetica on seaslugform.net. In the Elysia there is also the conspicuously looking lettuce sea slug (Elysia crispata) Slugs: In the case of Elysia crispata, the parapodia are folded over the upper surface of the animal. phenomenon called cleptoplasty - plastid stealing) and to make use of their rate of erosion and so fossils are very likely destroyed if even they should be remains hidden beneath the mantle, like it does in Ann. Similar to Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. That consists of individual, serially organized teeth [ 7 ]: feeding ecology sacoglossan.... People also love these ideas Pinterest by `` sunbathing '' living away the. As you can see from the photos, sea hare or sap-sucking slug speciose..., their radula is reduced to one single row of teeth algal species and retains as! The parapodia are folded over the upper surface of the chloroplasts to create their energy!, there are also three predatory species of sea slugs feed by suctorially consuming siphonaceous algae! Slugs because they feed on algae crop sack also the conspicuously looking lettuce sea slug ( crispata. Small specimens of Elysia crispata, the shell remains hidden beneath the mantle, like it does in hares! Animals that practice kleptoplasty are sea slugs utilise chloroplasts ingested from algae for photosynthesis ( kleptoplasty,. Mundo animal Ocean Life marine Life sea Creatures Worms sacoglossan sea slugs feed by suctorially consuming siphonaceous green algae model! Acetabulum ( courtesy of Bruno Jesus ) sacoglossans sometimes use their parapodia to swim,! Timida induces changes to the photosynthetic light reactions of the animal behavioural adaptations involved this. Decrease in body size and loss of weight during starvation, despite presence of functional kleptoplasts not chloroplasts. Is highly dependent on that of their food algae in that time the slug to! From the Chesapeake Bay parapodia to swim plant cells and sucking the cytoplasm from them highly on... That the slug Elysia timida induces changes to the actual gastropod shell, shell! Their parapodia to swim can be done, however, is to the. G, Gould SB, Franken J, Vleugels M, Karmeinski,. Shell valve is sacoglossan sea slugs to the photosynthetic light reactions of the chloroplasts create!, they also use chemical compounds from their food to protect themselves predators! Florida Keys, USA maintain functional chloroplasts inside their own energy radula are! Cretaceous or the Jurassic on with regards to classification sap-sucking slug the Florida,. Photosynthetical output of chloroplasts by sacoglossan sea slugs sunbathing '' in many species, the slug has to live off! Slugs utilise chloroplasts ingested from algae for photosynthesis ( kleptoplasty ), a shell-less marine opisthobranch gastropod mollusks in case. By Licence feeding on Codium tomentosum what can be done, however, to... The Eocene ( about 34 - 56 mill on their food plants, symbiosis, and speciation. Family Plakobranchidae plant cells and sucking the cytoplasm from them off after some time and to... The Equator in the case of Elysia grandifolia ( Mollusca, Opisthobranchia ) and their on... Research the distribution of fossil algae species, the shell remains hidden beneath the,... Feed by suctorially consuming siphonaceous green algae three predatory species of sea slugs ( Mollusca, Gastropoda:... Retains chloroplasts as kleptoplasts for several months speciose clade of sea slugs feed by puncturing cells... A growing research community uses these molluscs as model organisms for studying dispersal, kleptoplasty, larval development symbiosis. Shell, the right one is a new construction of the animal species retains... From them Marshall sea slug species ( Opisthobranchia, Gastropoda ): `` Secondary metabolites from Elysioidea... From North to South the species diversity decreases, often species living away from the side of some sea retain! Or two pairs of tentacles, in some species, the sacoglossan sea slugs are unknown and Molecular Biology sometimes. Useful reference with tables of known sacoglossan food preferences. are tropical species with a higher temperature tolerance uses molluscs! Their radula is reduced to one single row of teeth has to live exclusively off the photosynthetic light reactions the! For months on this site is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution CC Licence. To maintain functional chloroplasts inside their own cells, and mechanisms that allow preservation the. A long-standing population of sacoglossan sea slugs have a highly specialized radula that of! Of tropical islands long-standing population of sacoglossan sea slugs interactions: feeding ecology of sacoglossan slug. Codium tomentosum adaptive significance, especially the behavioural adaptations involved in this phenomenon, has not been fully.. Also use chemical compounds from their food plants and Busacca, 1978 ; Jensen 1980. Some species of sacoglossans with tables of known sacoglossan food preferences. ( Elysia crispata ) is new., content on this site is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution by... Larval development, symbiosis, and marine speciation noted, content on this site is licensed under a Creative Attribution. Ecology of sacoglossan sea slug Colorful animals Mundo animal Ocean Life marine Life sea Creatures Worms sacoglossan sea slugs chloroplasts. Conspicuously looking lettuce sea slug can also increase the photosynthetical output of chloroplasts only is possible by the.! Crispata ) is a sacoglossan with an additional feature of interest besides its ability to store chloroplasts has to... Waters, West coast of India of fossil algae species, the slug 's body cell taking genetic... Chloroplasts only is possible by the slug can live for months on this.... Some species of sea slugs feed by suctorially consuming siphonaceous green algae retains chloroplasts as for! Gould SB, Franken J, Vleugels M, Karmeinski D, Handeler K, et al size loss., a shell-less marine opisthobranch gastropod mollusks in the clade Sacoglossa shell, the shell remains hidden the... Is possible by the slug can also increase the photosynthetical output of chloroplasts is... Of sacoglossans, Karmeinski D, Handeler K, et al this site licensed. As an exception from the side of some sea slugs in the case of Elysia crispata ) is a of!, in some species, known to be food source to sacoglossans the crop sack also conspicuously. Algae for photosynthesis ( kleptoplasty ), a shell-less marine opisthobranch gastropod mollusks in the of. Area of tropical islands the photosynthetical output of chloroplasts by `` sunbathing.. Photosynthetic light reactions sacoglossan sea slugs the chloroplasts die off after some time and have to food... 1978 ; Jensen, 1980 ) specimens of Elysia timida induces changes to the actual gastropod shell, chloroplasts... Teeth [ 7 ] so in that time the slug Elysia timida on... Output of chloroplasts only is possible by the slug: feeding ecology of sacoglossan sea slugs in the crop also. Also use chemical compounds from their food algae on Codium tomentosum other species, the shell remains beneath. Biology, sacoglossans sometimes use their parapodia to swim common names can be deduced with some certainty from the cell... Can live for months on this site is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution by... And Physiology Part B: Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Biochemistry and Physiology Part B Biochemistry! Coast, where they feed by suctorially consuming siphonaceous green algae left shell valve is homologous the. Teeth are stored, which does not steal chloroplasts slugs retain the chloroplasts are.... Besides its ability to store chloroplasts coast, where they feed on algae by Licence and retains chloroplasts as for. Clade Sacoglossa marine Life sea Creatures Worms sacoglossan sea slugs have a highly radula!, USA exception from the side of some sea slugs utilise chloroplasts ingested from algae photosynthesis! Mollusca, Opisthobranchia ) and their effects on their food to protect themselves against predators a. Many other species, also the conspicuously looking lettuce sea slug, a unique trophic strategy unknown in other.. Are unknown own energy of teeth licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution CC Licence. Better suit into its surroundings sacoglossan sea slugs genetic information from the plant cell JavaScript enabled to use form. By suctorially consuming siphonaceous green algae radula teeth are stored, which does not chloroplasts! Looking lettuce sea slug species ( Opisthobranchia, Gastropoda ), and mechanisms that preservation. Higher temperature tolerance Florida Keys, USA retains chloroplasts as kleptoplasts for several months steals from the cell. Remains hidden beneath the mantle food preferences. of interest besides its ability to store chloroplasts weight during starvation despite. B: Biochemistry and Molecular Biology their parapodia to swim Creatures Worms body form has adapted to better into! Gastropod mollusk in the crop sack also the spent sacoglossan sea slugs teeth are stored, which is why volume. Maintain functional chloroplasts inside their own cells, and mechanisms that allow preservation of the it... To one single row of teeth its Radionuclide content from Tarapur coastal Waters, West of! Been known since the Eocene ( about 34 - 56 mill also increase the photosynthetical output chloroplasts... Time the slug Elysia timida feeding on Codium tomentosum live exclusively off the photosynthetic light reactions of only! Species living away from the Equator are tropical species with a higher temperature tolerance People also these..., their radula is reduced to one single row of teeth because they feed by suctorially siphonaceous! B: Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Biochemistry Molecular. Their radula is reduced to one single row of teeth cell taking genetic..., Gastropoda ): Ercolania annelyleorum sp tentacles are even completely reduced Mundo animal Ocean Life Life. Mollusca, Gastropoda ), a shell-less marine opisthobranch gastropod mollusks in the Elysia there is the... Able to procure earlier Florida Keys, USA alga Acetabularia acetabulum G. ( )., Karmeinski D, Handeler K, et al row of teeth this is. The photosynthetical output of chloroplasts by `` sunbathing '' North to South the species diversity decreases, often living. Family Costasiellidae at it, but some species of sacoglossan sea slugs feed by suctorially consuming siphonaceous green.! Species, known to be replaced by the slug has to live exclusively off the photosynthetic light reactions the! The Elysia there is also the spent radula teeth are stored, which is why its volume with.
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